Transparent system interrupt

ABSTRACT

A transparent system interrupt is invoked by the assertion of an electrical signal at an external pin of a microprocessor CPU chip. Upon assertion of this interrupt, the CPU begins program execution in a dedicated RAM area that is inaccessible both to the operating system and all application programs. A set of instructions, which may be unique to the system in which the CPU chip is installed, services the interrupt. Typically, the state of the CPU and associated components in the system immediately prior to assertion of the interrupt will be saved into the dedicated RAM area by the interrupt service routine. Recovery from the interrupt is accomplished upon recognition of an external event that invokes a RESUME instruction causing the CPU and associated components to be restored to exactly the same state that existed prior to the interrupt and in a manner entirely transparent to any program executing at the time of the interrupt.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/594,278 filed Oct. 9, 1990, now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of microprocessor architecture, and particularly to a method and apparatus for providing a transparent system interrupt.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Current state-of-the-art microprocessors such as the 386™ family of processors manufactured by Intel Corporation, the corporate assignee of this application, have two fundamental modes of operation: a real mode and a protected mode. The real mode is compatible with earlier processors whose addressing is limited to the real address space. Protected mode, on the other hand, supports virtual addressing.

In such prior art microprocessors, system interrupts are serviced by routines that are typically included in the basic input/output system (BIOS). This approach is generally satisfactory if the processor is operating in the real mode. However, if the processor is in the protected mode of operation, routines resident in BIOS are no longer accessible from an application program. A system interrupt therefore requires an application running in the protected mode to relinquish the system assets and restore real mode operation in BIOS. The state of the machine when the interrupt occurred is lost and the protected mode application program must be reinitialized after the system interrupt is serviced. System interrupts are thus non-transparent to applications running in the protected mode of operation.

Because of the constraints of protected mode operation, an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) of microprocessor systems such as personal computers cannot provide a transparent system interrupt since the OEM controls, at most, the system BIOS. Unlike all known prior art interrupt techniques for microprocessors, the system interrupt implemented by the present invention is entirely transparent to the operating system and other system-level resources of the microprocessor.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention solves the problem inherent in prior art microprocessors, particularly those that have a protected mode of operation, of the inability of a system integrator or OEM to provide transparent system interrupts. Prior art microprocessor architectures allow operating systems and/or application program to remap the interrupt structure. Thus, the computer system integrator is unable to provide system-level interrupts that will operate reliably in any operating environment. With the architecture of the present invention, a system-level interrupt is provided that may not be relocated or overwritten by any operating system or application. It is directly controlled by the computer system integrator so as to provide the features and functions that are described below.

The present invention is particularly adapted for use in connection with a microprocessor-based chip set for use in personal computers, especially battery-powered computers of the "notebook" or "laptop" variety. Such a chip set includes a CPU chip, an I/O chip, and, optionally, a graphics chip.

A transparent system interrupt, referred to herein as a System Supervisor Interrupt (SSI) is invoked by the assertion of an electrical signal at an external pin of the microprocessor CPU chip. Upon assertion of this interrupt, the CPU begins program execution in a dedicated RAM area that is inaccessible both to the operating system and all application programs. A set of instructions, which may be unique to the system in which the CPU chip is installed, services the SSI interrupt. Typically, the state of the CPU and associated components in the system immediately prior to assertion of the SSI interrupt will be saved into the dedicated RAM area by the interrupt service routine. Recovery from the SSI interrupt is accomplished upon recognition of an external event that invokes a RESUME instruction causing the CPU and associated components to be restored to exactly the same state that existed prior to the SSI interrupt and in a manner entirely transparent to any program executing at the time of the SSI interrupt.

An important application of the System Supervisor Interrupt is a power management function, whereby the processor and/or other system devices may be effectively shut down during periods of non-use and then re-started without the need to go through a power up routine. In this context, the SSI is referred to as a Power Management Interrupt (PMI). This function is particularly useful in connection with battery-operated computers where power conservation is a primary concern. A key feature of the present invention is that the system may be powered down and later brought back to the same point in an application program at which it was left. Thus, for example, if a computer operator is interrupted while working with an application program, the system can power down to conserve battery life. When the operator returns to use the system, it is restored to the same point in the application program as if the system had been running throughout the intervening period of time. The operator need not take any action to save application program results prior to the interruption, nor need the operator take any action to reload the application program when returning to use the computer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a microprocessor system embodying the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a functional flow diagram of microcode for servicing the system interrupt of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific register structures, mappings, bit assignments, etc. are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well known aspects of microprocessor systems are omitted so as to not obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail.

System Overview

The present invention is advantageously employed in a microprocessor design optimized for applications requiring low power consumption and compact size. Such applications particularly include small personal computers of the types commonly referred to as laptops and notebooks. One embodiment of such a microprocessor is briefly described below; however, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to this particular microprocessor design, and may be incorporated in virtually any processor design.

Referring to FIG. 1, a processor system 10 is shown. System 10 comprises three main processor components, designated as GENCPU, GENIO and GENVGA. GENCPU is an expanded central processing unit including the CPU 12, a memory controller 14, a cache controller 16, ISA bus control logic 18 and line buffers 20.

In the described embodiment, CPU 12 is essentially a 386™SX CPU manufactured by Intel Corporation, the corporate assignee of this invention. Throughout this description, certain terminology relating to the 386™SX CPU, such as register names, signal nomenclature, etc., is employed to describe the present invention. Such terminology is understood by practitioners in the field of microprocessor design and will therefore not be explained at length herein. For further information relating to the internal structure of CPU 12, reference is made to the "386™SX Microprocessor Hardware Reference Manual" published by Intel Corporation as publication number 240332 and related publications.

GENIO is a single chip input/output unit comprising parallel ports 22, dual serial ports 24a, 24b, real time clock unit 26, dual programmable interrupt controllers 28a, 28b, dual programmable timers 30a, 30b, dual DMA controllers 32a, 32b and memory mapper 34.

GENVGA is a single chip graphics interface comprising VGA graphics controller 36, video memory controller 38 and interface 40 for a flat panel display unit.

All of the processor units communicate with one another and with other system components (such as expansion slots, keyboard controller, disk controllers, etc.) via ISA bus 42.

External to the three main components of system 10 are system memory 44, optional cache memory 46 and optional video memory 48. An optional PAL/DAC unit 50 provides a video interface with a conventional VGA monitor.

Power Management

A particular embodiment of the present invention in the form of a Power Management Interrupt (PMI) will now be described. The PMI allows the execution of system-wide power management routines that are transparent to the operating system and are independent of the operating mode of the processor. As implemented in accordance with the following description, the PMI allows power management software, resident in the system BIOS or in device drivers that are shipped with the system in which the microprocessor is installed, to be executed in a manner that is entirely transparent to the software application, the operating system and the operating mode of the processor. This is in contrast to conventional terminate and stay resident (TSR) routines of the prior art. The PMI is serviced in an operating environment that underlies the operating system and is therefore always accessible regardless of the operating system installed in the processor or the application that may be running when PMI is invoked.

In the described embodiment, one function implemented by PMI is a suspend/resume function. Suspend/resume comprises a process wherein an internal or external event indicates to the compute system that it will be inactive for some extended period of time. For example, such an event may comprise an operator's action of closing the computer case or lid or it may comprise the expiration of an event timer. In response to the detected event, the computer selectively powers down to a low power consumption mode. In response to a second event, such as the operator's opening of the computer case or lid, the computer system is automatically restored to the application program running at the time that the first event was detected.

Although the power management function is particularly useful for conserving power in a battery-operated computer system, it also has applications in desktop systems where power conservation is not a primary concern. In this regard, the process of bringing up and shutting down an operating system is often lengthy. The present invention allows an operator to turn "off" a computer system without shutting down the operating system. Likewise, the operator can turn the computer system "on" without having to go through the initialization process of the operating system.

In a variation of the suspend/resume function, a standby mode may be entered when the computer system is on but has remained idle for some predetermined period of time. When time-out occurs, a PMI is invoked placing the system in a minimum power consumption mode. In response to an event, such as an operator action, the system is restored to the operating mode by the resume procedure.

An I/O trap function is utilized to trap accesses to power-managed devices within the computer system. As with the suspend/resume function, such trapping is transparent to both the operating system and application program. For example, a hard disk is a relatively high power consumption device. If the computer system is not using the hard disk, power thereto may be removed as a means for conserving power. When an I/O access to the hard disk is requested, a PMI is generated. The PMI processing routine then reapplies power to the disk drive, reinitializes it and restores program operation at the I/O instruction.

The PMI implementation in GENIO provides the ability to define up to six I/O mapped active devices and monitor system activity to these devices. When no system activity to one of these devices has occurred for a predetermined length of time, the GENIO will indicate to the GENCPU (through the PMI) to take action, i.e., to put the device into a standby mode or shut power off.

GENIO likewise has the ability to define up to six I/O mapped disabled devices and monitor accesses to these devices. When a device has been disabled, by being placed into standby mode or a power off condition, the GENIO can monitor accesses up to six of these devices. When an application tries to access one of these devices, the GENIO will indicate to the GENCPU (through the PMI) to reinitialize the device, and restart the I/O instruction.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is implemented by means of three enhancements to the conventional 386™ architecture:

1. A new interrupt called the System Supervisor Interrupt (SSI), or, in the specific application described herein, the Power Management Interrupt (PMI). This interrupt is of a higher priority than the existing non-maskable interrupt (NMI), and is not maskable. Through this PMI interrupt, power management software supersedes the entire 386™ protection mechanism.

2. A special system transparent memory area referred to as Power Management RAM or PMRAM.

3. A new instruction to return from the PMI called the RESUME instruction. In the described embodiment, this instruction is assigned the operation code OFAAh.

The PMI can only be activated through hardware which must create a falling edge signal on the PMI# pin of CPU 12. When a PMI is recognized by the CPU, a process very similar to NMI recognition in a conventional 386™ CPU, the processor begins execution of the PMI service routine in PMRAM. As illustrated in FIG. 2, when the GENCPU executes a PMI the following actions automatically occur:

1. At step 102, the GENCPU switches in the PMRAM into system memory space and hides the memory normally located in this area.

2. At step 104, the GENCPU saves its context to the PMRAM area starting at the address 3FFFFh and proceeding down in a stack like fashion.

3. At step 106, the GENCPU switches into the real mode of operation.

4. At step 108, the GENCPU reinitializes the CPU program control registers, setting the Code Segment (CS) to 3000h and the Instruction Pointer (EIP) to 8000 h.

5. At step 110, the GENCPU jumps to the absolute address 38000 h and begins executing OEM-installed code. At this point the power management interrupt service routine has complete control of the system.

PMRAM

The PMRAM area is normally hidden from system memory. When enabled (through either a PMI execution or by setting bit 3 in the OMDCR register), the PMRAM area can be accessed by generating memory accesses through the PMRAM window of 030000h to 03FFFFh. This window is automatically redirected by the GENCPU to the physical PMRAM, which may be located in any one of several places. The physical PMRAM area is selectable by the system integrator and can be located either on the AT-BUS (for high security systems where the code would reside in ROM), or in system memory space 44 controlled by the on-board Memory Controller Unit 14.

When the PMRAM area space is enabled, the following actions are performed by the GENCPU automatically:

1. Any DMA or master accesses to the space from 30000h to 3FFFFh are automatically directed to the correct physical memory locations.

2. The area of memory from 30000h to 3FFFFh is made non-cacheable.

3. The GENCPU will automatically direct CPU accesses into the PMRAM window (from 30000h to 3FFFFh) to the corresponding physical memory locations.

Tables 1 and 2 illustrate the mapping of the GENCPU state dump into PMRAM. The dump starts at 3FFFFh continuing down in a stack like fashion. For example, the first two registers stored are CR0 and CR3 respectively. They are stored as shown in table 1:

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         Address         Contents                                                       ______________________________________                                         03FFFFh         CRO 4th Byte (bits 31-24)                                      03FFFEh         CRO 3rd Byte (bits 23-16)                                      03FFFDh         CRO 2nd Byte (bits 15-8)                                       03FFFCh         CRO 1st Byte (bits 7-0)                                        03FFFBh         CR3 4th Byte (bits 31-24)                                      03FFFAh         CR3 3rd Byte (bits 23-16)                                      03FFF9h         CR3 2nd Byte (bits 15-8)                                       03FFF8h         CR3 1st Byte (bits 7-0)                                        ______________________________________                                    

The complete PMRAM state map is shown in table 2:

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Address   Contents                                                             ______________________________________                                         03FFFCh   CRO                                                                  03FFF8h   CR3                                                                  03FFF4h   EFLAGS                                                               03FFF0h   EIP                                                                  03FFECh   EDI                                                                  03FFE8h   ESI                                                                  03FFE4h   EBP                                                                  03FFE0h   ESP                                                                  03FFDCh   EBX                                                                  03FFD8h   EDX                                                                  03FFD4h   ECX                                                                  03FFD0h   EAX                                                                  03FFCCh   DR6                                                                  03FFC8h   DR7                                                                  03FFC4h   TR (Upper word reserved)                                             03FFC0h   LDTR (Upper word reserved)                                           03FFBCh   GS (Upper word reserved)                                             03FFB8h   FS (Upper word reserved)                                             03FFB4h   DS (Upper word reserved)                                             03FFB0h   SS (Upper word reserved)                                             03FFA8h   ES (Upper word reserved)                                             03FFA4h   TSS AR (AR bits 8:15, G bit 22 and B/D                                         bit 23. Others reserved)                                             03FFA0h   TSS BASE (byte granular)                                             03FF9Ch   TSS LIMIT (byte granular)                                            03FF98h   IDT AR (AR bits 8:15, G bit 22 and B/D                                         bit 23. Others reserved)                                             03FF94h   IDT BASE (byte granular)                                             03FF90h   IDT LIMIT (byte granular)                                            03FF8Ch   GDT AR (AR bits 8:15, G bit 22 and B/D                                         bit 23. Others reserved)                                             03FF88h   GDT BASE (byte granular)                                             03FF84h   GDT LIMIT (byte granular)                                            03FF80h   LDT AR (AR bits 8:15, G bit 22 and B/D                                         bit 23. Others reserved)                                             03FF7Ch   LDT BASE (byte granular)                                             03FF78h   LDT LIMIT (byte granular)                                            03FF74h   GS AR (AR bits 8:15, G bit 22 and B/D bit                                      23. Others reserved)                                                 03FF70h   GS BASE (byte granular)                                              03FF6Ch   GS LIMIT (byte granular)                                             03FF68h   FS AR (AR bits 8:15, G bit 22 and B/D bit                                      23. Others reserved)                                                 03FF64h   FS BASE (byte granular)                                              03FF60h   FS LIMIT (byte granular)                                             03FF5Ch   DS AR (AR bits 8:15, G bit 22 and B/D bit                                      23. Others reserved)                                                 03FF58h   DS BASE (byte granular)                                              03FF54h   DS LIMIT (byte granular)                                             03FF50h   SS AR (AR bits 8:15, G bit 22 and B/D bit                                      23. Others reserved)                                                 03FF4Ch   SS BASE (byte granular)                                              03FF48h   SS LIMIT (byte granular)                                             03FF44h   CS AR (AR bits 8:15, G bit 22 and B/D bit                                      23. Others reserved)                                                 03FF40h   CS BASE (byte granular)                                              03FF3Ch   CS LIMIT (byte granular)                                             03FF38h   ES AR (AR bits 8:15, G bit 22 and B/D bit                                      23. Others reserved)                                                 03FF34h   ES BASE (byte granular)                                              03FF30h   ES LIMIT (byte granular)                                             03FED4h - reserved                                                             03FF2Fh                                                                        ______________________________________                                    

When in a PMI routine, the PMI handler checks the system for a HALT condition by checking the HALT bit in the CPUWRMODE register. This allows the PMI handler to modify the EIP image in PMRAM and have the application re-execute the HALT instruction after the PMI routine is finished (i.e., when a RESUME instruction is executed) returning the CPU to its previous state transparently.

The RESUME Instruction

The RESUME (RSM) instruction allows the GENCPU to transparently re-enter an application after servicing the PMI. Referring again to FIG. 2, when a RESUME instruction is executed, the following events occur:

1. At step 112, the GENCPU restores its context from the PMRAM.

2. At step 114, the GENCPU switches out the PMRAM area to again make it unavailable as a system asset.

3. At step 116, the operating system and/or application program resumes execution.

There are two main categories of power management functions invoked by a PMI: hardware controlled power management and software controlled power management.

Hardware Controlled Power Management

Hardware controlled power management requires no software support in the PMI service routine. This type of power management is supported in the following ways:

1. The GENCPU will automatically slow its CPU clock to a programmed value when another master has control of the bus or DMA is active. During these periods of time the CPU has little activity, reducing the clock reduces the active power of the GENCPU.

2. The GENCPU keeps the clock to the math coprocessor (MCP), if one is installed in the system, at its minimum required frequency until it executes a MCP instruction. The GENCPU will then automatically match the MCP clock, so that the MCP will execute at its highest performance. Additionally, if the GENCPU detects no MCP in the system it automatically stops the clock to the MCP.

3. The GENCPU executes CAS before RAS refresh for all on-board memory refresh cycles.

4. The GENIO can be programmed to automatically stop the clock to the GENCPU when it detects a halt condition.

Software Controlled Power Management

Software controlled power management resides in the PMI service routine. A hardware event triggers the generation of a PMI, and the PMI service routine actively manages the system-wide power consumption through the turning on and off of power monitored devices. The GENIO supports the following types of power management through the control of PMI:

1. Control of the GENCPU's main clock speed.

2. Control of the MCP's idle clock speed.

3. Control of the DMA clock frequency.

4. Control of the keyboard controller's clock.

5. Control of the OSC pin to disable or enable the frequency output.

6. Ability to disable AT-BUS refresh.

7. Control of system power management. Built into the GENIO are two levels of system wide power management. The first level places the system into a "standby" condition and the second level places the system into a "suspend" condition. A standby condition is defined as a condition in which the OS and application are still executing. A suspend condition is defined as entering the minimum power condition in which the system is not executing either the operating system or application. Both of these conditions are recoverable from a RESUME instruction, allowing the system to jump back to the execution of the operating system and application where it was interrupted.

8. Control of the memory controller to continue refreshing system DRAM memory when in a suspend condition.

9. Control of individual power monitored devices via the I/O trap function.

10. The ability to resume from a suspend condition upon the occurrence of an event, such as a preset alarm, the detection of a modem or FAX ring condition, or the assertion of the suspend/resume button.

System Event Registers

There are three system event registers: SYS₋₋ EVNT₋₋ CFG0, SYS₋₋ EVNT₋₋ CFG1, and SYS₋₋ EVNT₋₋ CFG2. These registers enable events that indicate an active system. A number of power management timers are used to measure system idle time. When the timer times out, the system is considered to be idle and power management software should take action. A system event will reload the timer allowing additional time for the active CPU to finish its task. The timers affected by system events are:

1. Global Standby Timer. When this timer expires, the GENIO asserts the PMI# signal (if enabled).

2. Auto Power Off Timer. When this timer expires, the GENIO loads and starts the Global Standby Timer (if enabled).

3. Auto Power Off Warning Timer. When this timer expires, the GENIO asserts the PMI# signal (if enabled).

4. External PMI Warning Timer When this timer expires, the GENIO asserts the PMI# signal (if enabled).

5. Software Request PMI Warning Timer. When this timer expires, the GENIO asserts the PMI# signal (if enabled).

6. Battery Low Warning Timer. When this timer expires, the GENIO asserts the PMI# signal (if enabled).

7. Suspend/Resume Button Warning Timer. When this timer expires, the GENIO asserts the PMI# signal (if enabled).

I/O Device Base Address Registers

The I/O device base registers consist of twelve 8-bit registers used to define the base addresses for six I/O locations. These locations are used to control two different power management features: The device idle I/O device power management interrupt, and the device trap power management interrupt. Also associated with each of the six I/O base addresses are mask bits that allow defining an I/O range for each of the I/O base addresses. Each I/O range can be from 1 byte to 16 bytes wide.

To support the idle I/O device power management interrupt, an idle device timer is associated with each I/O device range. When the specified idle I/O device timer is enabled, it is loaded with its specified count and starts counting down. Whenever an access occurs to the specified device I/O address range (indicating activity to the device), the associated idle device timer gets reloaded. When an idle device timer expires, an idle device power management interrupt is generated setting the appropriate request bit. The power management software may then decide to remove power from this idle device. To support system wide I/O activity for all six idle timers, an access to the specified area can optionally reload and restart all enabled idle device timers.

To support trapping accesses to disabled or powered off devices, an I/O trap power management interrupt is provided. When enabled, by setting the appropriate I/O trap enable bit, any access to the specified device's I/O address range causes an I/O trap PMI request. The power management software can then re-enable and reinitialize the device, and the GENCPU can restart the trapped I/O instruction.

Global Standby Timer and Auto Power Off Timer

A global standby timer is used to indicate a level of system idleness to invoke PMI and enter the standby mode. The timer can be programmed with a 16-bit count, each count representing a 4.096 second time interval, for an idle range from 0 to 268,431.36 seconds. The global standby timer will load and start counting down when the GSTDBY₋₋ REQ₋₋ EN bit is set while the PM₋₋ EN bit is set and the SYS₋₋ IN₋₋ STDBY bit is cleared. The global standby timer is reloaded anytime an enabled system event occurs. When the global standby timer expires, the GENIO sets the GSTDBY₋₋ REQ bit and asserts the PMI# pin active (LOW).

At this time the power management software has the option of putting the system in the standby mode. This mode is user defined, but is normally a mode where the system removes power to all high power devices, initializes the auto power off timer, sets the SYS0₋₋ IN₋₋ STDBY bit, and does an I/O read to the stop clock register. When the SYS₋₋ IN₋₋ STDBY bit is set, the auto power off timer loads and starts counting down. The auto power off timer can be programmed with a 15-bit count, each count representing a 4.096 second time interval, for an idle range from 0 to 134,213.63 seconds. When this timer expires, the GENIO loads the auto power off warning timer and starts it counting. If a system event occurs before the auto power off timer expires, the GENIO will clear the SYS₋₋ IN₋₋ STDBY bit; disabling the auto power off timers. If the global standby timer enable bit is still set, upon the clearing of the SYS₋₋ IN₋₋ STDBY bit the global standby timer will reload and start to count down.

When the auto power off warning timer is loaded and starts counting when the HWBTWRNBP₋₋ EN is set, the GENIO will generate an alert such as a beep every two seconds to indicate to the user a suspend event is about to take place. When the auto power off warning timer expires, the GENIO will generate a PMI and set the APWR₋₋ OFF₋₋ SUSREQ bit, in turn causing the HW₋₋ SUSREQ bit to go to HIGH. If a system event occurs before the auto power off warning timer expires, the GENIO will clear the SYS₋₋ IN₋₋ STDBY bit; disabling the auto power off timers. If the global standby timer enable bit is still set, upon the clearing of the SYS₋₋ IN₋₋ STDBY bit the global standby timer will reload and start to count down.

Local Device I/O Idle Timers

Local device I/O idle timers are used to indicate system activity or activity of a selected device. Each of the six local device I/O idle timers can be programmed to count from 0 to 1044.48 seconds in 4.096 second increments. When a local device I/O idle timer expires, it generates a PMI request to the GENCPU by asserting the PMI# pin LOW. Each local device I/O idle timer will automatically reload when an access occurs to its specified device I/O range, this prevents the local device I/O idle timer from expiring until the device has been idle for the specified time. Optionally, an access to a specified local device I/O range can reload all of the local device I/O idle timers.

Other SSI Functions

The SSI is not restricted to use in connection with power management functions. Examples of other functions that may be implemented with SSI are an uninterruptable power supply, a fast on/off switch, and security features.

An uninterruptable power supply can be implemented in a desktop system using the suspend/resume function of the PMI. A power-sensing circuit determines when a power failure occurs and triggers the SSI. The system enters the suspend condition with all high power consumption devices shut down. In this condition, the system can be easily maintained for an extended period of time with a small lithium battery. When line power is restored, the system is restored to the application running at the time of the power failure by means of the resume procedure.

A similar concept may be employed to implement a fast off/on switch. When the computer system is switched "off", power is removed from all high power consumption devices and the system enters the suspend condition. A small five-volt power supply remains on to maintain the system in the suspend condition. When the computer system is then switched "on", the system is restored immediately to the application program that was running at the time the power was switched "off". As discussed above, this eliminates the need to go through a lengthy boot-up process required by certain operating systems.

The SSI can also be used to implement certain security features. For example, a system that has been left idle for a predetermined period of time would enter a high security mode similar to the STANDBY condition discussed above. An attempt to resume use of the system would require the operator to enter a password, thereby denying use of the system to unauthorized operators. Another security feature could restrict access to certain peripheral devices As discussed above, access requests to system devices can be used to trigger a SSI. If access to a high security device is requested, the SSI service routine can be used to prompt the operator for a password.

It will be recognized that the above described invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics of the disclosure. Thus, it is understood that the invention is not to be limited by the foregoing illustrative details, but rather is to be defined by the appended claims. 

We claim:
 1. An improved microprocessor system including a central processing unit (CPU) operable in a real mode and a protected mode, an operating system and at least one protected mode application program, wherein the improvement comprises:(a) a dedicated memory area coupled to the CPU, inaccessible to the operating system and all application programs, for storing an interrupt processing program and processor state data; (b) interrupt means coupled to the CPU and serviced in an operating environment that underlies the operating system so as to be transparent to the operating system as well as a protected mode executing program for forcing the CPU into the real mode and for transferring program control of said CPU from said executing program to said interrupt processing program; (c) event detection means coupled to the CPU for detecting occurrence of an event; (d) state restoration means coupled to the CPU for restoring program control of said CPU to said protected mode executing program upon detection of said event.
 2. The device of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of said dedicated memory area for storing the interrupt processing program and processor state state data is contained in RAM.
 3. The device of claim 2 wherein said portion of said dedicated memory area for storing the interrupt processing program and processor state data is contained in a system RAM external to the CPU.
 4. The device of claim 1 wherein said interrupt means is responsive to an electrical signal applied to an external circuit pin of the CPU.
 5. The device of claim 4 further comprising a timer coupled to said interrupt means and wherein said electrical signal is provided upon time-out of the timer.
 6. The device of claim 4 wherein said electrical signal is generated in response to an operator action.
 7. The device of claim 6 wherein said microprocessor system is housed in a case and said operator action comprises closure of said case.
 8. The device of claim 1 wherein said event is an operator action.
 9. The device of claim 8 wherein said operator action is a keystroke.
 10. The device of claim 8 wherein said operator action is movement of an input device.
 11. The device of claim 8 wherein said microprocessor system is housed in a case and said operator action comprises opening of said case.
 12. A method of interrupting operation of a microprocessor operable in a real mode and a protected mode comprising the steps of:(a) providing a dedicated memory area inaccessible to an operating system and all application programs for storing an interrupt processing program and processor stage data; (b) storing the interrupt processing program in said dedicated memory area; (c) receiving an interrupt; (d) transparently transferring program control of said microprocessor in an operating environment that underlies the operating system from a protected mode executing program to said interrupt processing program upon receipt of said interrupt, said step of transparently transferring program control including the steps of suspending execution of the operating system and application programs in said microprocessor and forcing said microprocessor into the real mode of operation; (e) saving processor state data of said microprocessor in said dedicated memory area; (f) detecting occurrence of an event; (g) transparently restoring program control of said microprocessor to said protected mode executing program upon detection of said event.
 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of providing said interrupt upon expiration of a timer.
 14. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of providing said interrupt upon detection of a low battery condition.
 15. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of providing said interrupt upon detection of a line power failure.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein said event is restoration of line power.
 17. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of providing said interrupt upon detection of an operator action.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein said microprocessor is housed in a computer case and said operator action comprises closure of said computer case.
 19. The method of claim 12 wherein said event is an operator action.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein said operator action is a keystroke.
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein said operator action is movement of an input device.
 22. The method of claim 19 wherein said microprocessor is housed in a computer case and said operator action comprises opening of said computer case.
 23. A microprocessor with a transparent system interrupt capability comprising:(a) a central processing unit (CPU) operable in a real mode and a protected mode; (b) a first dedicated memory area coupled to the CPU inaccessible to an operating system and all application programs for storing an interrupt processing program; (c) a second dedicated memory area coupled to the CPU for storing processor state data; (d) interrupt means coupled to the CPU and serviced in an operating environment that underlies the operating system so as to be transparent to the operating system as well as a protected mode executing program for forcing the CPU into the real mode and for transferring program control of said CPU from said protected mode executing program to said interrupt processing program, said interrupt processing program comprising a sequence of instructions for saving processor state data in said second dedicated memory area; (e) event detection means coupled to the CPU for detecting occurrence of an event; (f) state restoration means coupled to the CPU for restoring said CPU to a state represented by said processor state data stored in said second dedicated memory area and for restoring program control of said CPU to said protected mode executing program upon detection of said event.
 24. The device of claim 23 wherein said second dedicated memory area is contained in RAM.
 25. The device of claim 24 wherein said second dedicated memory area is contained in a system RAM external to the CPU.
 26. The device of claim 23 wherein said interrupt means is responsive to an electrical signal applied to an external pin of the CPU.
 27. A method of reducing power consumption in a microprocessor system operable in a real mode and a protected mode comprising the steps of:(a) providing a dedicated memory area inaccessible to an operating system and all application programs for storing an interrupt processing program and processor state data; (b) storing the interrupt processing program in said dedicated memory area; (c) detecting occurrence of a first event; (d) transparently transferring program control of said microprocessor system in an operating environment that underlies the operating system from a protected mode executing program to said interrupt processing program upon detection of said first event, said step of transparently transferring program control including the steps of suspending execution of the operating system and application programs in said microprocessor and forcing said microprocessor into the real mode of operation; (e) saving processor state data of said microprocessor in said dedicated memory area; (f) detecting the occurrence of a second event; (g) transparently restoring program control of said microprocessor system to said protected mode executing program upon detection of said second event.
 28. The method of claim 27 wherein said first event comprises an idle condition of said microprocessor system.
 29. The method of claim 28 wherein said second event is an operator action.
 30. A method of reducing power consumption in a microprocessor system operable in a real mode and a protected mode comprising the steps of:(a) providing a dedicated memory area inaccessible to an operating system and all application programs for storing an interrupt processing program and processor state data; (b) storing the interrupt processing program in said dedicated memory area; (c) monitoring activity of an I/O device; (d) detecting when said I/O device has been idle for a predetermined period of time; (e) transparently transferring program control of said microprocessor in an operating environment that underlies the operating system from a protected mode executing program to said interrupt processing program upon detection of said extended idle condition of said I/O device, said step of transparently transferring program control including the step of forcing said microprocessor into the real mode of operation; (f) placing said I/O device in a reduced power mode; (g) transparently restoring program control of said microprocessor to said protected mode executing program.
 31. A method of reducing power consumption in a microprocessor system operable in a real mode and a protected mode comprising the steps of:(a) providing a dedicated memory area inaccessible to an operating system and all application programs for storing an interrupt processing program and processor state data; (b) storing the interrupt processing program in said dedicated memory area; (c) detecting an access request to an I/O device being maintained in a reduced power mode; (d) transparently transferring program control of said microprocessor in an operating environment that underlies the operating system from a protected mode executing program to said interrupt processing program upon detection of said access request, said step of transparently transferring program control including the step of forcing said microprocessor into the real mode of operation; (e) placing said I/O device in a fully powered mode; (f) transparently restoring program control of said microprocessor to said protected mode executing program.
 32. In a microprocessor device having a normal mode of operation and a normal address space accessible using an address bus and a data bus coupled to said device, and further having a non-maskable interrupt signal in response to which said normal mode of operation is interruptable, a method of operating said device comprising the steps of:(a) providing a special interrupt signal to said device separate from said non-maskable interrupt signal, said special interrupt signal also being non-maskable; (b) providing said device with a special mode of operation invoked in response to said special interrupt signal; (c) executing a sequence of instruction in said normal mode of operation by accessing said instructions and accessing data in said normal address space of said device; (d) interrupting said executing by said special interrupt signal and entering said special mode of operation; (e) while in said special mode of operation, accessing for execution other instructions and accessing other data in a special address space of said device using said address bus and said data bus, said special address space being separate from said normal address space and not accessible by said device while in said normal mode of operation; (f) when entering said special mode of operation, saving in said special address space a state of said device at a point in said sequence of instructions when said special interrupt signal was received; and (g) returning from said special mode of operation to said normal mode of operation to continue said executing at said point in said sequence of instructions.
 33. A method according to claim 32 further comprising the steps of accessing a memory external to said device to retrieve said sequence of instructions and said data, and accessing said external memory to retrieve said other instructions and other data.
 34. A method according to claim 32 wherein said microprocessor device is a single chip integrated circuit device.
 35. A method according to claim 32 wherein said normal mode of operation includes a protected mode and a real mode.
 36. A method according to claim 32 wherein said sequence of instructions includes codes for an operating system and for an application program.
 37. A microprocessor device, comprising:an address bus and a data bus for accessing a normal address space of said device; means for executing a sequence of instructions in a normal mode of operation by accessing said instructions and accessing data in said normal address space; first interrupt means in said device responsive during said executing to a non-maskable interrupt signal received by said device; second interrupt means for interrupting said executing by a special interrupt signal received by said device separate from said non-maskable interrupt signal, to enter a special mode of operation, said special interrupt signal also being non-maskable; means, operable while in said special mode of operation, for accessing for execution other instructions and accessing other data in a special address space of said device using said address bus and said data bus, said special address space being separate from said normal address space and not accessible by said device while in said normal mode of operation; means, operable when entering said special mode of operation, for saving in said special address space a state of said device at a point in said sequence of instructions when said special interrupt signal was received; and means for returning from said special mode of operation to said normal mode of operation to continue said executing at said point in said sequence of instructions.
 38. A device according to claim 37 further comprising a memory external to said device for storing said sequence of instructions and said data and said other instructions and other data.
 39. A device according to claim 37 wherein said microprocessor device is a single chip integrated circuit device.
 40. A device according to claim 37 wherein said normal mode of operation includes a protected mode and a real mode.
 41. A device according to claim 37 wherein said sequence of instructions includes code for an operating system and for an application program. 